Sea-level rise is one area of climate projections where a plethora of recent observations of rapid change suggest that scientists do not yet understand all the processes required to predict … read more

Antarctica is classified as a desert, with what little precipitation there is coming down as snowfall. The ice sheet covering the continent gains mass predominantly via snowfall. The fact that … read more

Ice caps are drained by fast-flowing glaciers which can reach move by up to several km per year, but which take up only a very small percentage of the ice … read more

Ice sheets are systems of such size and complexity that models of global climate do not have fine enough resolution to reproduce the processes occurring in ice sheets with sufficient … read more

Antarctica is famous for being one of the driest and windiest places on Earth, and as such the drifting of snow across the ice surface plays an important role on … read more

Ice shelves cover more than half of the nearly 18,000 km of Antarctica’s coastline. These floating ice masses can experience melt from below if ocean waters are warm enough. Many … read more

The Antarctic Peninsula has seen warmer air temperatures than most of the rest of Antarctica, causing the widespread retreat and even collapse of many ice shelves in the area. This … read more

Ice shelves are an important part of the Antarctic ice sheet, controlling the flow speed into the sea of outlet glaciers. Their thickness is a crucial factor in calculations of … read more

Hansbreen is a tidewater glacier in the northern archipelago of Svalbard, it is around 16 km in length and 2.5 km wide where it calves icebergs into the fjord. In … read more

Models of ice-sheet flow must be initialised by the specification of the topography of the bed beneath the ice. When the model is run, this topography will ensure that the … read more